Integrated Solid Waste Management Research Articles

National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP): Challenges and Advances after 10 Years of Implementation

A decade after the implementation of the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP), municipalities continue to face challenges in implementation. This study aimed to assess the influence of the Municipal Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (MISWMP) and proper waste disposal in the main cities of the country, in light of the National System of Information on Solid Waste Management (NSISWM). The analyzed data indicate slight advances related to what the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) proposes, stemming from difficulties in implementing the policy itself and/or making its instruments viable, especially in cities in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. Practices such as improper waste disposal in open dumps or controlled landfills and incineration characterize the reality of Brazil, even a decade after the publication of the NSWP. Among the adopted strategies, waste recycling emerges as significant, with emphasis on composting and energy generation from biogas. There is a need for the integration of municipalities, states, and the Union to provide support for them to better exploit the potential in the generated waste, based on dominant technologies. It is also noteworthy the absence of updated data and cities' non-compliance with individual declarations in the NSISWM, regarding the provision of public solid waste management services, contradicting the policy itself and hindering the transparency of each municipality's data, making it difficult or even preventing monitoring by interested parties, civil society, and public and private entities.

ASOCIACIÓN ENTRE INDICADORES SOCIOECONÓMICOS Y AMBIENTALES Y EL DESTINO FINAL DE LOS RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS DE LOS MUNICIPIOS DE MINAS GERAIS

Society produces various types of waste that can trigger different types of impacts on the environment, such as the spread of diseases, when not treated and disposed of correctly. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic indicators (GDP, HDI and population size) and PMGIRS, with the final destination given to MSW in the municipalities of Minas Gerais. The methodology used in the work was the segregation and crossing of data from the IBGE and FEAM websites, by categories between the final destination of Urban Solid Waste (MSW) with socioeconomic indicators (GDP and HDI), the size of the population and the existence of Municipal Integrated Solid Waste Management Plans (PMGIRS) in the state of Minas Gerais. An association was found between HDI and MSW final destination, in the years 2015 and 2016, explained by education, longevity and income. PMGIRS and GDP showed no association with the final destination of MSW in the years 2012, 2015 and 2016, possibly justified by the lack of technical knowledge in its preparation and implementation. It is concluded that the final destination of MSW is not only associated with political and economic issues, but depends on the education, interest, participation and awareness of the population.

Integrated solid waste management for closed community: an experiment on university campus

This study addresses challenges regarding integrated solid waste management (ISWM) faced by Jahangirnagar University. These challenges have resulted in negative social, environmental, and economic consequences. This study aims to identify barriers to community engagement in ISWM and provide actionable recommendations for improvement. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, involving surveys of 397 respondents selected through cluster random sampling from the university’s population of around 20,000. The findings underscore a range of impediments to community participation, including limited empowerment, mobilisation, organisation and resource coordination within the community. Alarmingly, only 30% of respondents practice household waste segregation. However, an encouraging 74% express their willingness to oversee door-to-door waste collection and ensure proper disposal at designated locations, with this inclination influenced by various socioeconomic factors. Notably, non-compliance with ISWM regulations is prevalent in 26% of respondents, while 12% exhibit a dearth of knowledge about ISWM, indicating a need for heightened organisational efforts. Furthermore, certain university authorities rely on outdated methods, resulting in weak enforcement of environmental regulations. The study proposes a collaborative approach between university authorities and the community, along with revised regulations and waste generator responsibility. Addressing these challenges has the potential to significantly improve waste management system at Jahangirnagar University (JU Campus).

Reverse Logistics: A Case Study About the Disposal of Electro-Electronic Waste in São João Do Polêsine – RS

Purpose: The research aims to identify the destination of electronic waste in the municipality of São João do Polêsine – Rio Grande do Sul.   Methods: A closed questionnaire was applied using the Likert scale – multiple choice questions, with the aim of analyzing and identifying the needs in dealing with electronic waste in private organizations in the municipality. Regarding the method, the research was characterized as an exploratory-descriptive study with a quantitative approach with companies associated with ACISAT – (Association of Commerce, Industry, Services, Agriculture and Tourism), which has 35 (thirty-five) affiliated companies.   Results and discussion: The main results show that there is already a great diversity of electrical and electronic waste used in the municipality, since they are involved in everything from administrative to hospital activities and that the municipal Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management will collaborate with the construction of the reality of policies on WEEE.   Implications of the research: The limitations of the study are based on the superficiality of the quantitative data related to companies associated with ACISAT, which do not allow for a more meaningful analysis in order to identify the challenges faced daily in waste management.   Originality/value: the knowledge acquired in this research offers important information about environmental management and sustainability in the region, in addition to providing insights into possible improvements to existing reverse logistics systems. It is also possible to identify challenges and opportunities related to the correct disposal of electronic waste, contributing to the development of more efficient and environmentally responsible public policies and practices. Furthermore, the research can serve as a basis for future research and studies in other regions, promoting the dissemination of knowledge and the search for more sustainable solutions.

Willingness to pay for urban solid waste integral system in Semi-urban populations.

In Yucatan, the transition from rural to semi-urban communities has occurred mainly in the municipality seats; this transition comes with the problems of waste management. The municipalities oversee the Integral Urban SolidWaste Management (IUSWM); but in recent years, the public-private partnership for waste management has proved to be an effective strategy. There are few studies on the IUSWM in rural or semi-urban areas and the users’ willingness to pay, information that would help public policymakers to design adequate plans and programs for its management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors associated with the willingness to pay for the IUSWM of users in semi-urban municipalities of Yucatan. A total of 1,144 interviews were conducted in 6 semi-urban localities in Yucatan, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with a Tobit regression econometric model. 69.75% of the surveyed users declared that they were willing to pay an average of 17.65 Mexican pesos (0.85 U.S. dollars) for the integral urban solid waste management. The willingness to pay decreases when the Mayan language predominates among the member of the household, and when they have fewer tangible assets and rooms. There are cultural and social factors rooted in solid waste collection, this integrated system may be accompanied by other types of economic incentives to modify consumers’ behavior towards something more beneficial for the environment, such as the homes’ income.

Evaluation of municipal solid waste management in the state of Amazonas

The improper management of solid waste and the absence of resources and environmental education software are threatening the rivers of the Amazon region, that together form the greater freshwater basin in the world. In these terms, the general objective of this research is to evaluate the current situation of the management of urban solid waste in the cities of that state. The present research is organised in bibliographic and documental search, characterization of the area of investigation, and elaboration and application of questionnaires for data collection. Of the 62 towns that belongs to the territory of Amazonas, the research has collected information about 31, which corresponds to 50% of the area of investigation. The results indicate that 68% of the cities have the Municipal Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management, while 32% did not elaborate their plans, failing to receive resources of the Federal Government which would be destined specifically to the services of management and operation of the solid waste. It was observed similar characteristics in the cities that did not have their plans elaborated, being all of minor size and located in isolated areas of the Amazon region, with access only by transport by river, fact that complicates the actions pertinent to the theme, as occurs with the final disposition of the solid waste. Among the cities that were investigated, none of them arrange their solid waste in appropriate environmentally conditions, prevailing the archaic way of disposal, the open sky landfills, that causes the degradation of the ground and hydric bodies, which are the top means of subsistence of the amazon population. The conclusion is that the management of solid waste represents one of the biggest challenges of basic sanitation in the state of Amazonas and such matter requires to be prioritized urgently, given the risk of the degradation of the natural resources of the region.

Decision making and economical optimization of a city scale solid waste management system: An integrated model simulation on Kolkata, India

Kolkata with total population of 11 million as on 2022 generates 800–850 gm of MSW per capita per day which is expected to reach 1500 g/capita/day by 2040. The waste generated from 16 number of boroughs is openly disposed to the major non-engineered eastern landfill site Dhapa without having any proper source segregation, processing and treatment. The estimated present cost of total solid waste management is around 2,507,238 Rs/day which demands an urgent economic analysis through cost optimization. Dhapa with total landfill area of 40 ha is exhausted with its 30 years long legacy waste. As Hon’ble National Green Tribunal (NGT) has mandated bio-mining of old landfill site in India, it is expected that the Dhapa landfill area will be reclaimed by 2024. The objective of this paper is to implement a futuristic Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) model over the existing SWM scenario of Kolkata incorporating an eastern transfer station consisting sorting station, incineration and composting plant followed by converting Dhapa as a major engineered landfill site. Using LINGO optimization software, the model was run and solved. As a result, a total reduction in waste management cost by 43% and landfilling cost by 48% is possible. Further vehicle optimization shows reduction in total SWM cost and waste transportation cost by 70% and 16% respectively. If the SWM system is operated by optimized compactors, a total cost minimization of 73% is achievable. This generic methodology can be applicable to any inefficient waste management system of Indian cities to cope up with the economic aspects and reaching towards sustainability.

Municipal Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management (MPI-SWM) in the state of Piauí: A portrait of Coastal Cities

The PMGIRS is an important instrument of the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) that articulates the management of municipal waste with the state plan and the latter, in turn, dialogues with the national plan. It is through the evaluation of the PMGIRS that the municipal manager detects whether the plan meets the requirements of the PNRS and which local actions (municipal scope) have been successful towards the goals of the municipal plan. The objective was to evaluate the PMGIRS of the coastal cities of Piauí, according to what the PNRS prescribes. To meet the objective, we used the instrument for this purpose, which is composed of twenty-one indicators and four indices. The indicators of the municipalities were mostly evaluated as bad and with rates below the recommended by the literature. In general, the instrument's indicators point to the difficulty of municipalities in complying with what the PNRS recommends. The study brings theoretical and managerial contributions. In the theoretical field, it broadens the understanding of the situation of coastal municipalities, part of the tourist route made up of three states, belonging to an environmental protection area, located in the northeast of Brazil, in relation to the local management of their waste. In the managerial field, the findings serve as a subsidy for the PMGIRS review and as an indicator, at the state level, for the formulation of actions that mobilize managers to prepare the local plan and/or encourage them to create intermunicipal consortia with a focus on the destination adequate waste.
 Keywords: Waste. Cities. National Solid Waste Policy.

Options for sustainable solid waste management in a tourist city in a developing country

A study was undertaken to develop options for sustainable integrated solid waste management for a tourist city in Vietnam. The generation and characterisation of tourism waste were based on a sampling survey of Hoi An city (HAC). Problems and challenges of a tourism waste management system were indicated using material flow analysis. Five scenarios were developed for the tourism sector of the city based on current solid waste management practice (SWMP), a consensus of stakeholders, the suitability of waste management systems and the contribution of the government. In two of the scenarios, waste reduction was 6.5 times higher and recyclables recovered was 3.3–4.2 times greater than that in two of the minimalist scenarios. Furthermore, the former scenarios showed more efficiency in treatment, optimal economy and minimum greenhouse gas emissions. The study indicated the advantages and challenges of each scenario and identified an optimal model for SWMP for the tourism industry of HAC. A framework for gradually developing a sustainable tourism waste management system was proposed, potentially applicable to any tourist city in a developing country.

The effectiveness of inter-municipal cooperation for integrated sustainable waste management: A case study in Ecuador

There is an increasing awareness that effective waste management is essential for transitioning towards a circular economy and achieving sustainable development goals. Scholars have studied inter-municipal cooperation (IMC) as a governance solution with the potential to generate economies of scale and reduce financial costs in waste management. However, previous research has not yet focused on measuring the effectiveness of different types of cooperation on social and environmental outcomes. We analyse the effect of different types of IMC, ranging from indirect to collaborative, on Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) indicators. Our embedded qualitative case study in the emerging metropolitan region of Cuenca-Azogues (Ecuador) found that municipalities that invested in more complex cooperation types achieved better integrated waste management performance, particularly on final disposal, citizen participation, inclusion of recyclers and environmental sustainability.

Achieving the idea of Zero Solid Waste City for Jammu through ISWM (Integrated Solid Waste Management)

The idea of the city is dynamic and steadily evolving. The present utilization-driven society delivers a colossal volume of waste consistently. The over-consuming society per capita squanders age is generally higher in high- consuming urban communities in contrast with low- consuming urban areas. Changing as of now over- consuming urban communities into zero-waste urban communities is tested. The idea of the zero-waste urban communities incorporates a 100 percent reusing of city strong waste and a 100 percent recuperation of all assets from squandered materials. The expanding issue of strong waste in Indian urban communities has become one of the most immovable ecological monetary and social issues today. Expansion in the volume of waste created by metropolitan occupants, change in the nature of waste creation and the removal strategy for squandering gathered are the main pressing issue. The present paper is a methodology that examines the issue of strong waste and fosters zero squander. It endeavors to uncover the issues worried about strong waste in Jammu. It centers on the issues recognized in various writing for strong waste. The paper has been separated into three segments. Area one chats on the current situation of strong waste. Segment two do writings audits and makes sense of their finding the paper at long last attempts to integrate the zero-waste city thought for Jammu.

Eco-Efficiency Analysis of Integrated Waste Management Strategies Based on Gasification and Mechanical Biological Treatment

Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) strategies are developed towards promoting sustainable approaches for handling waste. Recently, gasification and mechanical biological treatment (MBT) technologies were recognized as effective processes for treating municipal solid waste. This study investigates the feasibility of integrating gasification and MBT technologies in multiple ISWM strategies, compared to incineration- and anaerobic digestion (AD)-based strategies. A comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessment was carried out to evaluate the performance of the examined ISWM strategies. The evaluation was based on the energy generation potential, carbon footprint, and life cycle costing (LCC). An eco-efficiency analysis was conducted to quantify the environmental costs by incorporating the carbon footprint and LCC results. The proposed strategies were applied for the city of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, based on local bylaws and guidelines. The analysis revealed that the gasification-based strategy had the highest energy production of 47.0 million MWh, followed by the incineration- (34.2 million MWh), AD- (17.2 million MWh), and MBT-based (14.9 million MWh) strategies. Results of the environmental analysis indicated that the MBT- and AD-based strategies contributed the least to global warming with greenhouse gas emissions of 4442 and 4539 GgCO2-eq, respectively, compared to the gasification- (9922 GgCO2-eq) and incineration-based (15,700 GgCO2-eq) strategies. Furthermore, over a 25-year assessment period, the LCC findings demonstrated that the gasification- and MBT-based strategies were the most financially feasible with a positive net present value (NPV) of USD 364 and USD 284 million, respectively. The eco-efficiency analysis indicated that the MBT and gasification strategies are the most sustainable among the examined strategies. The sustainability of the assessed systems was improved by implementing policy and legal reforms, including incentive programs, less stringent bylaws on digestate, and encouraging source separation of wastes. Overall, this research emphasized the potential environmental and financial benefits of incorporating MBT and gasification technologies into ISWM strategies.

A Study on AI‐based Waste Management Strategies for the COVID‐19 Pandemic

COVID‐19 has swept across the globe and disrupted all vectors of social life. Every informed measure must be taken to stop its spread, bring down number of new infections and move to normalization of daily life. Contemporary research has not identified waste management as one of the critical transmission vectors for COVID‐19 virus. However, most underdeveloped countries are facing problems in waste management processes due to the general inadequacy and inability of waste management. In that context, smart intervention will be needed to contain possibility of the COVID‐19 spread due to inadequate waste management. This paper presents a comparative study of the artificial intelligence/machine learning based techniques, and potential applications in the COVID‐19 waste management cycle (WMC). A general integrated solid waste management (ISWM) strategy is mapped for both short‐term and long‐term goals of COVID‐19 WMC, making use of the techniques investigated. By aligning current health/waste‐related guidelines from health organizations and governments worldwide and contemporary, relevant research in area, the challenge of COVID‐19 waste management and, subsequently, slowing the pandemic down may be assisted.

Intelligent and Real-Time Detection and Classification Algorithm for Recycled Materials Using Convolutional Neural Networks

In recent years, the production of municipal solid waste has constantly been increasing. Recycling is becoming more and more important, as it is the only way that we can have a clean and sustainable environment. Recycling, however, is a process that is not fully automated; large volumes of waste materials need to be processed manually. New and novel techniques have to be implemented in order to manage the increased volume of waste materials at recycling factories. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology that can identify common waste materials as they are being processed on a moving belt in waste collection facilities. An efficient waste material detection and classification system is proposed, which can be used in real integrated solid waste management systems. This system is based on a convolutional neural network and is trained using a custom dataset of images, taken on site from actual moving belts in waste collection facilities. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system can outperform existing algorithms found in the literature in real-world conditions, with 92.43% accuracy.

Waste reduction and utilization strategies to improve municipal solid waste management on Nigerian campuses

Universities bear the important responsibility of training capable individuals and imbibing into the society plans, programs and policies that are sustainable. However, they have failed to live up to this expectation/responsibility in developing nations like Nigeria. As a result, various publication domains like the Elsevier, Engineering village, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, Springer books, Research gate, etc. were explored to understand different approaches by various authors on the strategies of managing solid waste generated in universities around the world so as to recommend better strategies for managing the solid wastes generated in Nigerian universities for a sustainable development. The solid wastes that are prevalent in most studies reviewed include organic, plastic, polythene, paper/cardboard, e-waste, metal/cans, sanitary, wood, leather/textiles, glass/bottle, polystyrene food pack, medical and rubber. However, there are four major categories that pose the most challenges to the environment, the atmosphere, the entire populace and during all stages of management because they contribute the most percentage both by volume and weight. They include: organic, paper, polythene and plastic. Consequently, the strategies for the four major categories were discussed in this work. Some of the strategies include prevention of the generation of avoidable wastes, reduction of the generated waste through recovery, reuse of the recovered wastes, recycling of the recyclables, composting of organic wastes for energy/electricity generation, and eventual disposal at sanitary landfills. The strategies were based on the principles of the Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) approach (3Rs) of an efficient and effective sustainable waste management, viz; Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

RECYCLING OF WASTE TIRES FOR BIO CRUDE FUEL PRODUCTION THROUGH A PYROLYSIS SYSTEM

Recycling of solid waste is one of the most valuable method which is used in worldwide for integral solid waste management. Waste tires are considered to be a source of energy and valuable chemical products. In this study waste tire samples of mixed types (passenger, truck, and heavy vehicles etc.) were decomposed thermally in a fixed bed reactor made up of stainless steel placed inside an electrical heater. Thermal pyrolysis on tire waste samples with (1-2) cm of particle size was carried out at temperatures of 330 ᵒC, 430ᵒC, 530ᵒC, and 630 ᵒC under Argon flow rate of 0.5 L/min and retention time of 15 min to study the effect of temperature on the distribution of pyrolysis products yield. Three main products were obtained by tire pyrolysis pyro oil, gas, and solid residue. Chemical compositions of pyrolysis oil product were characterized by Gas chromatography mass and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, it is a complex mixture of alkane, alkene, cycloalkane, cycloalkane, alcohol, ester, and aromatic compounds which are preferable in fuel. If found that a limonene compound occupies the largest proportion of the oil product which is considered as a more valuable compounds.

A framework for sustainable and integrated municipal solid waste management: Barriers and critical factors to developing countries

Developing countries adopt policies to reduce the negative impacts of large amount of waste generated by accelerated industrialization and rapid urbanization, but these actions are far from establishing procedures that meet society's needs, especially regarding the management of municipal solid waste (MSW), which requires the cooperation of numerous stakeholders, and a broad plan of action, in terms of sustainability cities' targets and policies. In this sense, sustainable and integrated solid waste management (S-ISWM) emerges as a solution to address the growing challenges of disposing of MSW in developing countries municipalities. However, to guide S-ISWM implementation there still a need of a framework with a multi-stakeholder and holistic perspective of the MSW management, considering the barriers and critical success factors (CSFs) to achieve it. To this end, a systematic literature review using the PRISMA diagram on the Scopus and Web of Science databases, and then, a content analysis of 75 articles, which met the eligibility criteria, were carried out. As a result, were identified eight barriers, 11 CSFs, which were grouped according to five pillars - public policies, disposal techniques, legal aspects, public-private partnership (PPP) and energy recovery – that affect the municipal S-ISWM and were pointed out ways of implementing these factors in practice. Finally, it was proposed a management artifact – a framework towards S-ISWM - based on state-of-the-art CSFs and barriers, mainly oriented to waste to energy, to the developing countries municipalities. This study offers theoretical, practical, and political implications, serving as a stimulus for the development of public policies with a multidisciplinary approach, providing environmental, economic, and societal contributions, and, thus, encouraging the achievement of the eleventh and the twelfth sustainable development goals.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from solid wastes management in north eastern Nigeria: An integrated solid waste management approach

The solid waste management (SWM) sector is responsible for the emission of about 5% of all global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In developing countries where the sector is less organised, the carbon footprint of the sector is much higher, so also is the potential for reducing these emissions. This study assessed the potential for reducing the GHGs emission from the SWM sector in northeastern Nigeria. Based on literature study, it was found that open dumping in dumpsites and unsanitary landfills is a solid waste disposal method in the region. It was estimated that 350,822.80 tonnes of MSW is disposed of in dumpsites annually, and anaerobically decomposes 403373.25 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) into the atmosphere. However, when an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) system, which comprises composting of organic materials, recycling of paper, glass and metals and incineration of garbage, is employed, a reduction in the region’s SWM carbon footprint of up to 99.5% is attainable. It was also found that composting is the ISWM element with the highest carbon sink potential, this is because of the high organic matter in the region’s wastes. The study suggests public-private partnership so as to be able to reform the SWM sector in the region and make it more sustainable.

The politics of waste picking: reflections from the upscaling of a co-management model for recyclable waste in Buenos Aires (Argentina)

In Argentina, the organization of waste picker cooperatives has enabled these organizations to impose their approach and point of view in the system of waste management derived from the Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) model. In this context, the experience of the cooperatives of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA) stands out, as it paved the way for a co-management model that was unprecedented in the country. Since then, the "Buenos Aires System" has been promoted by the Argentine federation of waste pickers (FACCyR), as the model to be implemented throughout the country. The differences between the CABA and other jurisdictions raises significant questions regarding the adaptability of this model. Based on a Political Ecology of Waste, we address this question by analyzing the process of expansion of this model following the Jóvenes en Progreso cooperative in the municipality of Lomas de Zamora (Province of Buenos Aires).

Development of a dynamic optimization framework for waste management systems

Waste to energy (WTE) technologies have emerged as an alternative solution to municipal solid waste management. WTE systems provide major environmental and economic benefits by converting waste into accessible energy, as part of an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) strategy. However, previous studies showed that establishing an ISWM strategy based on a single type of WTE systems does not necessarily realize maximum benefits. Hence, optimizing the selection of WTE systems as part of a hybrid waste management strategy can potentially achieve maximum benefits and minimize negative impacts. However, such task is challenging due to the various alternatives and objectives, particularly those related to the material and energy recovery systems. This article presents the methods used to develop a systematic optimization framework that identifies the most beneficial set of ISWM systems through mathematical modelling. The methods include the procedures of the established framework, including base model computations, as well as the comprehensive modelling and optimization methods.•The energy recovery, carbon footprint, and financial profitability are computed for selected WTE facilities.•The multi-objective mathematical programming is solved using the weighted comprehensive criterion method (WCCM).•The model is implemented in CPLEX software using mathematical programming language (OPL).